Module description

Intro

Drawing

• use skeletal formula, thank god
• alkyenes must be draw in with 180º angle to represent the actual linear angle
• use hashes and wedges to show the plane of the page when useful
• show hydrogen if needed in regards to its position in the molecule
• only show lone pairs if they are used

Functional groups

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heteroatoms- atoms in an organic molecule other than carbon

consider all heteroatoms bonded to 1 carbon as part of the same functional group

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$\ce{Sp^3}$ unless involved in pi bond then will be $\ce{sp^2}$ or sp

R is used to represent an alkyl group

1º/ primary - if 2 hydrogens are attached to the carbon of the alkyl group

2º/ primary - if 1 hydrogen is attached to the carbon of the alkyl group

3º/ primary - if no hydrogen is attached to the carbon of the alkyl group

the same is the case for amines, 1º will be bonded to 2 hydrogens, 2º will be bonded to one H and 3º, 0

primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol naming can also be applied the halogen and SH functional groups, with the names coming from the hydrogen bonding to the bonded carbon

• draw the H on aldehydes :(
• learn names and structures of the functional groups

Isomers

constitutional isomers are the same as structural isomers. these can also be called chain, positional/ regioisomers ad functional group isomers

stereoisomers are the same atoms bonded to each other in the same way but with different layout of atoms in space

a regioisomer is an isomer with the same funtional groups but in different places in the molecule. these are also called positional isomers